Maxwell Equations: Review of Maxwell’s equations. Displacement Current. Vector and Scalar Potentials. Gauge Transformations: Lorentz and Coulomb Gauge. L Boundary  Conditions at Interface between Different Media. Wave Equations. Plane Waves in  Dielectric Media. Poynting Theorem and Poynting Vector. Electromagnetic (EM) Energy Density. Physical Concept of Electromagnetic Field Energy Density. Momentum Density and Angular Momentum Density.

EM Wave Propagation in Unbounded Media: Plane EM waves through vacuum and   isotropic dielectric medium, transverse nature of plane EM waves, refractive index and dielectric constant, wave impedance. Propagation through conducting media, relaxation time, skin depth. Wave propagation through dilute plasma, electrical conductivity of ionized gases, plasma frequency , refractive index, skin depth, application to propagation through ionosphere.

EM Wave in Bounded Media: Boundary conditions at a plane interface between two media. Reflection & Refraction of plane waves at plane interface between two dielectric  media-Laws of Reflection & Refraction. Fresnel’s Formulae for perpendicular & parallel polarization cases, Brewster’s law. Reflection & Transmission coefficients.Total internal   reflection, evanescent waves. Metallic reflection (normal Incidence)

Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves: Description of Linear, Circular and Elliptical Polarization. Propagation of E.M. Waves in Anisotropic Media. Symmetric Nature of Dielectric Tensor. Fresnel’s Formula. Uniaxial and Biaxial Crystals. Light Propagation in Uniaxial Crystal. Double Refraction. Polarization by Double Refraction. Nicol Prism. Ordinary & extraordinary refractive indices. Production & detection of Plane, Circularly and  Elliptically Polarized Light. Phase Retardation Plates: Quarter-Wave and Half-Wave Plates. Babinet Compensator and its Uses. Analysis of Polarized Light

Rotatory Polarization: Optical Rotation. Biot’s Laws for Rotatory Polarization .Fresnel’s  Theory of optical rotation. Calculation of angle of rotation. Experimental verification of Fresnel’s theory. Specific rotation. Laurent’s half-shade polarimeter.

Wave Guides: Planar optical wave guides. Planar dielectric wave guide. Condition of continuity at interface. Phase shift on total reflection. Eigenvalue equations. Phase and group velocity of guided waves. Field energy and Power transmission.

Optical Fibres: Numerical Aperture. Step and Graded Indices (Definitions Only). Single and Multiple Mode Fibres.